giant impact hypothesis / Theory Earth Prisoner

*Theory Earth Prisoner* Proposes the "giant 

impact hypothesis" Theory—7 Years of Hubble 

Observation Data "Aligns" with It

Following the 2023 publication of *Theory Earth Prisoner*—which proposed the "Great Collision" theory—several mainstream scientists reached out via letters and phone calls. Their praise was abundant and their words remarkably warm—a truly unexpected response, given that *Theory Earth Prisoner* makes the audacious and iconoclastic claim that the Big Bang theory of the universe is fundamentally flawed and should be corrected to the "Cosmic Great Collision."

*Theory Earth Prisoner* poses a provocative question: If a large watermelon were to undergo a "Big Bang" or a massive fragmentation, would it shatter into an apple, a peach, a pear, a banana, an orange, a strawberry, a pineapple, and a bunch of grapes? Consider the eight major planets in our solar system today—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune: on which of these planets does the natural environment mirror that of Earth? One thing is certain: they are absolutely not Earth's "siblings" (brothers or sisters) born of the same parentage; nor was the solar system born from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud.

The true origin of the solar system lies in a series of continuous, uninterrupted "Great Collisions" that caused newly formed planets to "swap positions." Although the theory presented in *Theory Earth Prisoner* clearly runs counter to "mainstream" scientific consensus, the fact that individual mainstream scientists still reached out with such warm and appreciative words remains deeply moving.

The fact that individual mainstream scientists have heaped such praise upon *Theory Earth Prisoner* is truly touching. Moreover, a world-leading research institution—demonstrating a commitment to objective inquiry—has independently arrived at conclusions that align perfectly with those of *Theory Earth Prisoner*. These findings were published on June 5, 2025, in the scientific journal *Nature Astronomy*.

According to five to seven years' worth of observational data collected by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way—two of the universe's major galaxies—are currently traveling along a specific trajectory and are projected to undergo a "Great Collision" approximately 4 billion years from now. Subsequently, a study utilizing observational data from the European Space Agency's (ESA) "Gaia" spacecraft proposed a slightly later timeline: predicting that the collision between the two galaxies will occur approximately 4.5 billion years from now—a timeframe about 500 million years later than previous estimates.

Various media outlets—including CNN in the U.S., and *Yomu Uchū Ryokō*, *Nakasendo Monster*, and *sorae* in Japan—have successively reported on this event, explicitly noting that the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy will pass through one another, with a 50% probability of ultimately colliding.

According to predictions, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy will collide and merge in approximately 4 to 5 billion years, eventually forming a single, massive elliptical galaxy known as "Milkomeda."

Key Details: These two galaxies are separated by a distance of approximately 2.5 million light-years and are currently approaching each other at a speed of about 110 kilometers per second.

The Collision Process: The event involves immense gravitational forces between the galaxies, which significantly perturb stellar orbits, thereby triggering a complex merger; prior to their final, complete coalescence, the two galaxies will pass through one another multiple times.

The Final Outcome: The merged entity will evolve from a pair of spiral galaxies into a massive elliptical galaxy—namely "Milkomeda"—characterized by a uniform distribution of stars.

When accounting for the gravitational attraction (i.e., gravitational perturbations) exerted by surrounding galaxies, simulation results indicate that there is an approximately 50% probability of these two major galaxies colliding within the next 10 billion years. Such a collision and merger are regarded as a natural stage in the ongoing processes of galactic growth and morphological evolution.


*sorae*, a renowned Japanese astronomy media outlet, reports:

In the distant future, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy will merge to form a single, massive galaxy.

The "Andromeda Galaxy" (M31) is a spiral galaxy that, from locations with clear skies, can even be observed with the naked eye. Located approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth, the Andromeda Galaxy is hurtling toward our own Milky Way—Earth's galactic home—at an astonishing speed of 110 kilometers per second. For over a century, astronomers have been studying the fact that the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are being drawn toward one another by their mutual gravitational pull. Andromeda is a massive galaxy with a diameter ranging between 220,000 and 260,000 light-years, estimated to contain approximately one trillion stars; by comparison, the Milky Way holds between 100 billion and 400 billion stars. What happens when these two galaxies—each composed of countless stars—collide?

To illustrate this, NASA has produced an animated simulation that vividly depicts a truly fantastical scenario: What would it look like if we were standing on Earth, witnessing the entire process of these two colossal galaxies merging right before our eyes in the night sky?

Although the Andromeda Galaxy currently appears to us as a relatively tiny celestial object, as it gradually draws closer to the Milky Way, its apparent diameter—the size it appears to occupy in the sky—will continue to grow. In approximately 3.75 billion years, its apparent diameter in the night sky will become absolutely immense, appearing to stretch across the entire celestial dome.

As Andromeda closes in, the Milky Way will begin to undergo deformation under the influence of tidal gravitational forces. It is predicted that between 3.85 and 3.9 billion years from now, the two galaxies will experience their first collision. The gravitational interplay between these two massive systems will temporarily trigger a surge in star formation; at that time, newly born young stars will begin to shine brightly.

Over the subsequent two billion years or so, the Milky Way and Andromeda are expected to undergo repeated collisions, eventually merging completely to form a single, massive elliptical galaxy dubbed "Milkomeda."

The orbits of stars circling the galactic centers are highly likely to be severely disrupted. Simulation results even suggest that the Solar System itself could be flung into a position much farther away from the center of the Milky Way than it is today. In the vast expanse of the universe, collisions and mergers between galaxies are by no means rare occurrences. Indeed, it is believed that the Milky Way itself has undergone numerous collisions and mergers with other galaxies throughout its long evolutionary history. It is hypothesized that the Milky Way's evolutionary journey began approximately 9 billion years ago with a merger involving a dwarf galaxy known as "Gaia-Enceladus." Subsequently—through repeated collisions and mergers with five galaxies each containing over 100 million stars, as well as at least 15 other galaxies each harboring more than 10 million stars—the Milky Way ultimately evolved into the form we observe today.

The renowned Japanese astronomical media outlet *Nakasendo Monster* reports:

Our Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are but two members of a larger group comprising dozens of galaxies. The Milky Way and M31 (the Andromeda Galaxy) are currently in the process of drawing closer to one another; according to calculations, they are destined to collide in approximately 4 billion years. M31 is roughly twice the size of our Milky Way. Simulation results indicate that following their initial collision and subsequent mutual interpenetration, these two massive galaxies—driven by gravitational forces—will continue to orbit one another. During this process, they will undergo several additional collisions before finally merging into a single, colossal supergalaxy.

When people hear the term "galactic collision," they often conjure up mental images of stars violently smashing into one another, sending sparks flying. However, because the distances between stars are incredibly vast—roughly equivalent to placing a single ping-pong ball somewhere between Tokyo and Osaka—such direct stellar collisions are exceedingly rare. This immense separation between individual stars constitutes the astonishingly "empty" nature inherent within the interior of a galaxy. 

*Yomu Uchū Ryokō* (Reading the Universe), a renowned Japanese astronomical media outlet, reports:

Our own Milky Way galaxy is destined to collide with—and eventually merge with—its nearest neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy, in approximately 4 billion years. According to information from the website of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, if we were to scale down the Milky Way's disk (which spans a diameter of 100,000 light-years) to a mere 10 centimeters, the Andromeda galaxy would be located only about 2 meters away. It appears that this distance is not quite as vast as one might imagine; even within the boundless expanse of the cosmos, the spacing between galaxies is relatively close. As they draw near one another, their mutual gravitational attraction triggers a collision—a phenomenon said to be actually quite common throughout the universe.

Arp 272 is a pair of colliding galaxies; amidst the violent impact, they have assumed a shape strikingly reminiscent of a "heart." This celestial object was formed through the collision and fusion of two distinct galaxies—NGC 6050 and IC 1179—and is located in the direction of the constellation Hercules, approximately 450 million light-years from Earth.

How do galaxies come into existence and evolve? This remains one of the great unsolved mysteries in the field of astronomy. It is believed that collisions and mergers between galaxies play a pivotal role in the evolutionary process of galaxies; however, what specific effects do these interactions actually produce? In truth, we have yet to fully unravel these mysteries. The reason lies in the fact that observing and identifying actual instances of galactic collisions and mergers is an extremely arduous task; astronomers are striving to search for and pinpoint as many of these regions where galaxies are currently colliding and merging as possible.

The renowned American media outlet CNN reports:

The Milky Way—our home galaxy—is destined to collide with the Andromeda galaxy within the next 4.5 billion years. Experts have been making this prediction since as early as 1912.

The distance between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy is approximately 2.5 million light-years. They are approaching each other at a speed of approximately 100 kilometers per second; at first glance, they appear destined to collide, merge, and ultimately form "Milkomeda."

However, the "Local Group"—the galaxy cluster to which the Milky Way belongs—contains at least 100 known smaller galaxies. The research team took into account the gravitational influence exerted by specific large galaxies—specifically, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)—to predict the evolutionary trajectory of the Milky Way over the next 10 billion years or so.

By calculating the gravitational interactions within the Local Group and utilizing the latest data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Gaia Space Telescope, the team conducted as many as 100,000 simulations. The results indicate that the probability of a collision occurring between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy within the next 10 billion years is approximately 50%.

If the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy eventually merge, their respective spiral arm structures will eventually disintegrate, and they will ultimately be reshaped into a single elliptical galaxy. When such a galactic merger—often vividly described as "cosmic fireworks"—occurs, gaseous matter is drawn toward the galactic center; this process triggers the central black hole to emit massive amounts of radiation, and this matter is ultimately devoured by the black hole.

Nevertheless, given that numerous unknown factors remain to be elucidated, it is currently difficult to make a definitive prediction regarding the Milky Way's ultimate fate. As things stand, it appears more likely that the Milky Way will collide with the Large Magellanic Cloud within the next 2 billion years; should such a collision occur, the morphological appearance of the Milky Way could undergo a fundamental transformation.

Currently, the Large Magellanic Cloud orbits the Milky Way, while the Triangulum Galaxy (M33) serves as a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy. The mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud is only about 15% of the Milky Way's mass; however, the research team points out that the gravitational pull exerted by this satellite galaxy is tugging on the Andromeda Galaxy in a direction perpendicular to it. Consequently, the researchers have concluded that there is a 50% probability that the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy will undergo a direct collision within the next 10 billion years.

In simulations projecting scenarios 8 to 10 billion years into the future, approximately half yielded the following outcome: the Milky Way and Andromeda approach one another, graze past each other, and then loop back around. However, this close-range "flyby" would trigger gravitational interactions between the massive gas halos surrounding the two galaxies, ultimately leading to a collision between them.

*Theory Earth Prisoner* is not merely a theoretical treatise; it is also a "letter from home" addressed to humanity.

In summary, galactic mega-collisions are—and have always been—an ongoing process. This fact corroborates the "Mega-Collision Theory" presented in *Theory Earth Prisoner*. The four giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are the residual products of a nebular collision. By logical extension, among their 411 satellites, one or two are inhabited by our kin—relatives with whom we were separated in the primordial era. These kin continued to drift alongside the planetary remnants, eventually becoming the inhabitants and custodians of one or two of the 411 satellites orbiting the four giant planets—a claim supported by evidence. According to *Theory Earth Prisoner*—a work by Chinese-American scholar Hai-bo Mao—humanity did not evolve from indigenous Earth species; rather, following a nebular collision, humans arrived from beyond our solar system. The Moon is portrayed as a "child of the cosmos"—a "mother planet" that facilitated this human migration. Humans traveled aboard a celestial body that subsequently collided with Earth. As placental mammals drifted into Earth's atmosphere alongside humanity, the planet's gravitational pull gradually intensified and shifted; humans were effectively placed under "house arrest," thereby becoming Earth's new masters. The colliding celestial body partially coalesced to form the Moon, while its remaining fragments continued to drift through space, carrying with them a portion of the human population. This theory is employed to address twenty-one enduring global mysteries—ranging from the history of Earth and the cosmos to the origins of ancient civilizations, the development of language and writing systems, and the geographical distribution of ethnic groups.

Based on the "Giant Impact" hypothesis posited in *Theory Earth Prisoner*, it is highly probable that—among the four major planets and their 411 satellites—there reside our long-lost kin from the primordial past. If the premises of *Theory Earth Prisoner* prove correct, the work transcends the mere status of a theoretical treatise; it becomes, in essence, a "family letter" addressed to all of humanity.