探索2002-2022年青少年心理症状性别差距扩大背后的机制：国家层面性别平等的作用
探索2002-2022年青少年心理症状性别差距扩大背后的机制：国家层面性别平等的作用
Exploring mechanisms behind the increasing gender gap in adolescent psychological symptoms, 2002–2022: the role of national-level gender equality
——《儿童心理学与精神病学杂志》2025年，第66卷，第5期——
【摘要】背景：近几十年来，青少年，尤其是女孩的内化问题显著增多，导致性别差距不断扩大。本研究考察了2002年至2022年期间，在性别平等的国家，心理症状的性别差距是否更大；如果是，这在多大程度上可以用这些国家男孩和女孩在压力源（例如学业压力、对自身身材不满、同学支持度低）体验方面随时间的变化来解释。方法：将国家性别不平等数据（联合国开发计划署性别不平等指数）与43个国家（N=1,268,220）学龄儿童健康行为 (HBSC) 研究（2002-2022）中汇总的个人层面数据相结合。对心理症状的绝对和相对性别差距进行了调查周期、性别不平等指数及其相互作用的回归分析。接下来，将调查周期与学业压力、身体不满或同学支持的交互作用添加到模型中。结果：2002年至2022年间，在性别平等的国家，心理症状的绝对和相对性别差距的扩大更为显著，这主要是因为这些国家的女孩心理症状增幅更大。此外，在性别平等的国家，男孩，尤其是女孩，在学业压力和同学支持方面的时间趋势不太有利。性别平等的国家中女孩学业压力的大幅增加部分解释了这些国家心理症状绝对性别差距的扩大。结论：虽然国家层面的性别平等在21世纪初与男孩和女孩的心理健康呈正相关，但近年来，这种关联对女孩而言已变为负相关。性别平等对女孩心理健康的益处可能已被压力源（尤其是学业压力）的增加所掩盖。这些研究结果并非主张性别平等是一种消极的状况，而是表明，要实现完全的性别平等，即男女真正分担日常生活中的负担和压力，仍有许多工作要做。
【关键词】青少年；性别差异；心理健康；跨文化；公共卫生。
[Abstract] Background: Internalising problems have increased considerably among adolescents in the last decades, particularly among girls, resulting in widening gender gaps. This study examined whether the gender gap in psychological symptoms increased more in more gender-equal countries in the period 2002–2022, and if so, to what extent this could be explained by changes over time in the experience of stressors (i.e. schoolwork pressure, body dissatisfaction, low classmate support) among boys and girls in these countries. Methods: National data on gender inequality (UNDP Gender Inequality Index) were combined with aggregated individual-level data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study (2002–2022) across 43 countries (N?=?1,268,220). Absolute and relative gender gaps in psychological symptoms were regressed on survey cycle, GII and their interaction. Next, interactions of survey cycle and either schoolwork pressure, body dissatisfaction or classmate support were added to the model. Results: Increases in the absolute and relative gender gap in psychological symptoms between 2002 and 2022 were stronger in more gender-equal countries, mainly due to larger increases in psychological symptoms among girls in these countries. Also, less favourable time trends for schoolwork pressure and classmate support were found in more gender-equal countries for boys and especially girls. The larger increase in schoolwork pressure among girls in more gender-equal countries partly explained the increased absolute gender gap in psychological symptoms in these countries. Conclusions: While national-level gender equality was positively associated with boys' and girls' mental health in the early 2000s, this association has become negative for girls in more recent years. The benefits of gender equality for girls' mental health may have become overshadowed by the increased experience of stressors, especially schoolwork pressure. Far from advocating that gender equality is a negative situation, these findings suggest that much work remains to achieve full gender equality, where men and women really share the burdens and stressors in everyday life.
[Key words] Adolescence; gender differences; mental health; cross-cultural; public health.
论文原文：Margreet E. de Looze, Alina Cosma, Frank J. Elgar, et al (2025). Exploring mechanisms behind the increasing gender gap in adolescent psychological symptoms, 2002–2022: the role of national-level gender equality. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Volume 66, Issue 5, Pages 737-751. May 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14081
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