重新审视压力源与职业倦怠的关系：反向因果关系和条件变化的证据
重新审视压力源与职业倦怠的关系：反向因果关系和条件变化的证据
Revisiting the stressor–burnout relationship: Evidence for reverse causation and conditional change
——《职业健康心理学杂志》第31卷，第1期，2026年2月——
【摘要】工作压力导致职业倦怠的假设是许多职业健康理论的核心。本研究旨在解决以往研究中的三个局限性：(a) 对个体内部工作压力增加如何导致职业倦怠加剧（压力源假说）的理解不足，包括对反向效应（应变假说）是否具有更高预测价值的考量；(b) 对职业倦怠发展过程中不同长期滞后效应的研究有限；(c) 对多种工作压力源效应的评估不足。我们运用不同滞后时间的随机截距交叉滞后面板模型，分析了2131名德语区员工在24个月内五个时间点收集的数据。研究结果更有力地支持了应变假说，表明职业倦怠在6个月内加剧会导致工作压力随后增加。这一发现对三种类型的压力源（即工作超负荷、社会压力源和组织压力源）以及考虑更长的滞后时间后均保持一致。我们发现支持压力源假说的证据有限，尤其是在忽略稳定的个体间差异时。然而，跨层调节分析表明，对于那些长期处于较低工作资源水平（例如，工作自主性和社会支持）或较高工作压力水平的个体而言，工作压力源会导致倦怠加剧。我们的研究结果挑战了压力源效应的无条件适用性。它们强调了考虑反向因果关系、效应发生的时间以及更清晰地区分个体内部变化和个体间差异的理论重要性，以增进对倦怠发展过程的理解。
【关键词】倦怠；工作压力源；工作需求；工作资源；时间动态
[Abstract] The assumption that work stressors cause burnout is central to many occupational health theories. In this study, we addressed three limitations in prior research: (a) the limited understanding of how within-person increases in work stressors drive increases in burnout (the stressor hypothesis), including the consideration of whether the reverse effect (the strain hypothesis) offers greater predictive value; (b) the limited research on varying long-term time lags in the development of burnout; and (c) the limited evaluation of the effects of multiple work stressors. We applied random-intercept cross-lagged panel models with different time lags to analyze data from 2,131 German-speaking employees, collected across five time points over 24 months. Our findings showed stronger support for the strain hypothesis, suggesting that an increase in burnout over 6 months results in a subsequent increase in work stressors. This finding remained consistent across three types of stressors (i.e., work overload, social stressors, and organizational stressors) and when accounting for additional longer term time lags. We found limited evidence for the stressor hypothesis, particularly when disregarding stable between-person differences. However, cross-level moderation analyses showed that work stressors resulted in increased burnout for individuals who experience chronically lower levels of job resources (i.e., job autonomy and social support) or higher levels of work stressors. Our findings challenge the unconditional applicability of the stressor effect. They emphasize the theoretical importance of considering reverse causation, the timing of effects, and a clearer distinction between within-person changes and between-person differences to advance the understanding of burnout development processes.
[Key words] burnout; work stressors; job demands; job resources; temporal dynamics
论文原文：Lucas A. Maunz, Leon T. De Beer, Bernad Batinic, et al. (2026). Revisiting the stressor–burnout relationship: Evidence for reverse causation and conditional change. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 42–62. February 2026.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000417
（翻译兼责任编辑：MARY）
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