北美第一个中国女人？

2024-4-10

在加拿大的 New Bruswick 博物馆里，看到下面这一张照片。照片的主人，是一个端坐了裹着小脚带着耳环的中国大妈，膝盖上抱着一个欧洲男孩。这张像应该是在照相馆或者展销会上摆拍的，大妈未必一定是小男孩的保姆。

博物馆的注释说明是，不知道这个女子姓甚名谁（Perkins Child and an Unidentified Chinese Woman），可是有下面一些附注：

A. Fong
Chinese
c 1865
albumen print carte-de-visite
10 cm x 6 cm
Collection of the New Brunswick Museum (1989.113.14)

于是便想起，前不久刚看过的那本《中国女人梅阿芳》（The Chinese Lady, A Fong Moy）来：

梅阿芳者，不知何地人也。于是就有了下面的故事：

• 1834年，两个美国人行走在中国街头，此时的中国对于他们来说还是一个神秘的国度，关于东方的神秘传说一直都让很多美国人感到好奇。卡恩兄弟就这样带着好奇心来到了中国，他们希望在中国这片土地能遇到更多的财富，然而两兄弟一来就碰了一脸灰，中国人对黄皮肤、蓝眼睛的外国人并不欢迎。这天，卡恩兄弟灰心丧气的走在中国大街上，他们本以为这次的投资可能无望了，但两人意外在街头看到了乞丐女孩梅阿芳。于是兄弟俩立马想到了一个绝佳的赚钱机会，很多美国人都没见过中国女人，他们一定会对来自东方的神秘女人感兴趣，并且中国女人还都裹着小脚，一定能成功吸引他们的注意。随即卡恩兄弟便联系到了梅阿芳的父母，因为女孩的家里非常贫困，所以当卡恩兄弟提出这个想法后，梅阿芳的父亲当场就答应了对方。卡恩兄弟就这样以一个低廉的价格将梅阿芳成功购买，并且将她不远万里的带到美国。。。。一时之间，梅阿芳引起了美国上下的关注，大街小巷的人都在讨论这位东方女人，梅阿芳此时也沦为了马戏团中的小丑供美国人取乐。1837年，美国爆发了严重的经济危机，梅阿芳的生活也变得急转直下，几年之后，她又被送到了马戏团工作。在那里，梅阿芳没有自己的选择，老板指挥她做什么她就必须做什么，她还曾被逼迫和侏儒症患者做些不雅动作，但为了生存下去，梅阿芳只能乖乖听话。后来没多久就爆发了鸦片战争，此时的梅阿芳在美国已经失去了自己的人气，美国对于东方的认知更多，大家随即便将这个小脚女人抛掷脑后。至于后来梅阿芳到底去了哪里，我们谁都不知道，有传言说梅阿芳生活在纽约的华人街，也有人说她前往了其他地方，总而言之，没有人具体知道她的下落。

• In 1834 Afong Moy was the first recognized Chinese woman to arrive in America. Through the course of her travels across the country, she became the first Chinese person to receive wide public acclaim and national recognition. While her fame was short-lived, she introduced Americans to China through her person and the goods she promoted.

• During the 17 years of Afong Moy’s visible presence in America, her treatment as a Chinese woman varied over time. When she first arrived, the public generally responded to China in a positive way. On the edge of patrician orientalism, the perceived Orient was one of exoticism, beauty, dignity, and revered history. The Carnes merchants, Francis and Nathaniel G., and the ship captain Benjamin Obear, who brought Afong Moy to America, took advantage of this perception, using the sensual stimulus that came from marketing China trade goods with an exotic. They played on, controlled, and mediated the public’s consciousness of her visual difference—her bound feet, Chinese clothing, and accessories—all to promote their goods.

• In the second phase of her experience in the later 1830s, Afong Moy made a transition from a promoter of goods to that of spectacle. During this time, she experienced the conjoining of two worlds—that of the market and the theater. Afong Moy operated simultaneously as entertainment, edification, and billboard. Her new manager occasionally set her against a panoramic backdrop of an illusionistic oriental scene, thus highlighting her cultural exceptionality through her clothing, objects, and images.

  
  

• After a heart-rending, eight-year interregnum out of the public eye, Afong Moy once again took to the stage in the late 1840s and early 1850s. P. T. Barnum, the master marketer of difference, became her manager. He recognized her promotional value as the only Chinese woman in America whose bound feet, clothing, objects, and experience signified an orientalist presence that might titillate the American public. Afong Moy’s time in America provided an additional benefit to Barnum: she no longer needed an interlocutor. Though occasionally she required an interpreter, her language skills were likely sufficient for most audience interactions. On stage she provided evidences of her dissimilarity from the use of chopsticks to the demonstration and explication of Chinese religious rituals.

我相信前面的那张照片，就是梅阿芳在1850年前后第二次复出的时候给拍照的。而且在这时候，一个更年轻的17岁的女孩，也被带进了美国和公众的视野：